2022年专四阅读理解训练题《神秘的海参》
尽管2022年的专四还有好长时间才开考,但是已经有考生在默默准备了。下面,就为大家送上一篇2022年专四阅读理解训练题,希望对大家有所帮助。
专四阅读理解训练题《神秘的海参》:
Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures, especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?
For some fifty million years, despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet, under rocks in shallow water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.
Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish brown to sand color and nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber shaped-hence their name-and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.
Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to become quiescent and live at a low metabolic rate-feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods, so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.
But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs, when attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.
1. According to the passage, why is the shape of sea cucumbers important?
A. It helps them to digest their food.
B. It helps them to protect themselves from danger.
C. It makes it easier for them to move through the mud.
D. It makes them attractive to fish.
2. The fourth paragraph of the passage primarily discusses______.
A. the reproduction of sea cucumbers
B. the food sources of sea cucumbers
C. the eating habits of sea cucumbers
D. threats to sea cucumbers' existence
3. What can be inferred about the defence mechanisms of the sea cucumber?
A. They are very sensitive to surrounding stimuli.
B. They are almost useless.
C. They require group cooperation.
D. They are similar to those of most sea creatures.
4. Which of the following would NOT cause a sea cucumber to release its internal organs into the water?
A. A touch B. Food? C. Unusually warm water D. Pollution.
参考答案:
1. B)
2. C)
3. A)
4. B)
Human beings have used tools for a very long time. In some parts of the world you can still find tools that people used more than two million years ago. They made these tools by hitting one stone against another. In this way, they broke off pieces from one of the stones. These chips of stone were usually sharp on one side. People used them for cutting meat and skin from dead animals, and also for making other tools out of wood.
Human beings needed to use tools because they did not have sharp teeth like other meat eating animals, such as lions and tigers. Tools helped people to get food more easily. Working with tools also helped to develop human intelligence. The human brain grew bigger, and human beings began to invent more and more tools and machines. The stone chip was one of the first tools that people used, and perhaps it is the most important. Some scientists say that it was the key to success of mankind.?
1. The stone chip is thought to be the most important tool because it ______.
A. was one of the first tools B. developed human capabilities? C. led to the invention of machines
D. was crucial to the development of mankind
2. At the end of the passage the author seems to suggest that life in future is ______.
A. disastrous B. unpredictable C. exciting D. colorful
专四阅读难句练习:
1. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition, can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
2. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
3. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
4. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.
5. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
专四阅读细节题攻略——泛读法:
大家知道,阅读理解题目中最让人琢磨不定的一种题型就是归纳核心思想的主旨题了,改革后的专四专八更是如此。然而这种题目正是对考生快速准确的阅读能力的一种考验。
通常情况下,主旨题一般都针对全文内容提问;有的时候,主旨题也可能针对文章的某一段提问。解决主旨题需要大家对全文、整个段落或者段落内的特定句子有一个准确的把握,需要大家在一个比较短的时间内迅速整合信息,概括文章或者段落大意,也就是要掌握有效的“泛读法”。
一般情况下,在文章开头或者结尾都会出现主旨题的线索,然而,有的时候也需要大家通过文中线索对文章进行综合处理。以下结合专四真题阅读理解当中的特定题目给大家介绍几种泛读思路。比如:
89. Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?(2008专四全真试题)
A.Greek and Roman Mythology in Language.
B. Mythological Origins ofEnglish Words.
C.Historical Changes in Word Meanings.
D.Mythology and Common Words.
文章一开头就说了许多常见的单词,如一周的日子和一年的月份的命名都来自于神话故事,由此可推知,作者这样写的目的有可能是为了说明和阐述英语里的许多单词都来源于神话和传说这一事实。作者以“tantalize”,“siren”,“jovialmood”,“herculeaneffort”等词或短语为例,来阐释这些词的神话起源。
作者通篇都在讲单词的神话故事,据此判断,选项B应该为此题答案。此题其实通过阅读文章开头段以及每段的第一句话就可以作出合理判断。
开头段是一个引子,以单词“tantalize”为例,给大家引出了单词和神话故事的渊源,接着每一段都给大家介绍一些单词的神话起源,整个文章脉络关系很清晰,方便考生进行主旨判断。
其实,阅读理解题型不难,只要大家注意细心去挖掘每一篇短文的脉络关系,把握好文章的主干,那么主旨题也就不攻自破了。再如:
100.Themain purpose of the passage is (2007专四全真试题)
A. todescribe how American children spend their summer.
B. to explain the needs of modern working families.
C.to discuss the problems of the current school calendar.
D.to persuade parents to stay at home to look after their kids.
这篇阅读理解的脉络看似含糊,在文章开头也没有给大家提供明确的思路。全文侃侃而谈,像是在叙述一段往事。然而文章自开头一直到第四段其实都是在为文章中心话题“school calendar”做铺垫。
在第五、六段的时候揭示了文章主旨“We have a huge mismatch between the school calendar and the realities of family life,”以及“a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable. ”
接着讨论了大家对“school calendar”的一些建议和想法,文章大部分篇幅都是关于校历不符合现代工作和家庭生活的需要,以及是否需要对校历进行修改的探讨。因此,选项C符合题意。
这类型的题目属于阅读理解中比较难的一类,一般需要大家综合分析前后文的相互关系,耐心挖掘文章的主旨。
84.According to the passage, who is afraid of being heard while talking on themobile________?(2006专四全真试题)
A.talkers
B.the “speak easy”
C.the “space maker”
D.texters
此题目是针对文章中某一段落内的句子内容进行提问的。解答此类型题目就需要首先锁定问题所在段落,找到关键句,并对关键句进行精确分析,和题目相互对比然后进行有效选择。根据题干中的“who is afraid of being heard while talking on the mobile”,可知答案在第六段。
由第六段最后一句“there is the ‘space maker’:these people focus on themselves and keep out other people(还有一种是“矜持型”:他们关注于自身且尽量避开他人)”可看出,“keep out other people”与“is afraid of being heard”意思相同。因此,答案选C。
专八阅读四点技巧:
A、 找出段落的中心思想
任何阅读材料都有主要意思,即大意(main idea)。文字材料的大意有不同的层次。一个比较长的句子可以说很多事情,但一般只有一个大意,可以用几个词概括;一个段落包括很多句子,但也只有一个大意,通常是段落的主题句(topic sentence)包含段落的大意。通常人们说“大意”指的是整篇材料的中心思想。
非小说体的阅读材料通常有比较明显的大意,其结构也比较清楚。文章的开头部分(introduction)会比较明确地指出文章的中心思想。文章主体部分的每一段也往往有主题句,通常在段首或段尾。有些文章的结尾还会对全文作一个总的概括。
B、 如何对待阅读中的词汇问题?
阅读过程中不可避免地要遇到生词。大纲中规定允许有3%的生词,也就是说2000个词中允许有60个左右的生词,但一般不会有这么多的生词。有的人一遇到生词就停下来查字典,有的则读完一两页后查字典,有的人则完全不管生词。其实阅读中遇到生词只要不影响你对篇章主要意思的理解,一般应该继续往下读。如果生词的确影响你对内容的理解,查字典当然是一种办法,但很不方便,而且频繁地查字典不仅影响阅读速度,而且影响对文章内容的整体理解。所以在平时阅读时,遇生词最好的方法是通过上下文猜测。以下几条建议可帮助你猜测词义:
(1)看看上下文中有没有生词的另一种说法,即找同义词。有时上下文会对一个生词作解释,或者提供一些暗示。
(2)看看生词在文章中的词性,即看这个词是名词、动词、形容词、副词或其他词类。另外再看看这个词在文中与哪些词搭配使用,再根据自己的其他知识,就可以进行正确的猜测。
(3)分析生词的构成,尤其是词的前缀和后缀。英语中很多词都是加前缀或后缀变来的。比如你认识这两个词write和similar,根据前缀re-和后缀-ity的含义,你就可以准确地猜出rewrite和similarity这两个词的意思。
(4)看看同一生词是否在上下文的其他地方出现,把两处的语境相比较,也许能更加准确地猜出词义。
(5)充分利用你关于所阅读的内容已有的知识。为了巩固阅读过程中的生词,在读完一篇后,你可以把本篇中最重要的生词查一下字典,准确地了解该生词在文中的意思。因为我们训练的篇章都是大纲规定的题材,在真题中也可能会遇到这方面的文章,甚至单词。
C、 推论出段落的隐含意思
有时,为了某种目的,作者往往不直接说出某一意思,而是含蓄地表达。这种隐含的'意思有时是篇章的主要意思。所以阅读短文经常需要推论(making inference)。有时一句话的含义需要推论,有时整个篇章的含义需要推论。以下几条建议可以帮助你进行推论:
(1)结合作者的思想观点、写作背景进行推论。
(2)寻找作者直接陈述的诸多事件之间的联系。
(3)仔细体会某些重要词的含蓄意义及其感情色彩。比如politician和statesman的意思都是“政治家”,但前者有贬义的色彩,即“政客”,后者则没有。
(4)从作者的语气、语调、措辞等文体特征,读出作者的“言外之意”(reading beyond the lines)。
(5)得出某一推断后,尽量从上下文中寻找证据。
(6)充分利用自己已有的各方面的知识,把文章中所述的事情和自己的阅历或熟悉的事情联系起来考虑。
D、 预测下文内容
预测下文内容也是提高阅读效率的重要手段。预测与猜测不同。猜测是对自己没有把握的文字意思的假设,预测则是根据已掌握的信息假想下文将会发生什么事情。预测之所以能够提高阅读效率,是因为它使你产生某种“期待”(expectations)。带着这种期待去读下文,你会努力为你的假想寻找证据,你的注意力将更加集中在文中的重要内容上。
当然,预测也不是随意的,必须根据已经发生的事情或已了解的内容加上你自己的一般常识进行符合逻辑的预测。当你继续阅读下文时,你的预测要么被肯定,要么被否定。无论是肯定还是否定,都会加深你对原文的理解。以下是几条建议:
(1)如果你对段落的主题思想已有初步的了解,想一想关于这一主题通常要描写哪些方面的事情,这些事情在本文中会发生吗?
(2)运用你的英语语言知识及语言在具体语境中的习惯用法,预测文章将要写什么。
以上的介绍没有特别将正常阅读和快速阅读分开,是因为无论阅读哪一部分的试题,都会用到。阅读能力的提高不是靠短时间的突击就能提高的,需要我们持之以恒,长期进行正确的操练。英语专业八级考试是科学的语言测试,具有相当的信度和效度,靠投机取巧是不可能取得好成绩的,所以,我们衷心希望考生们能通过训练,真正地提高自己的语言能力,在八级考试中取得好的成绩
专四阅读细节题攻略——锁定法:
阅读理解当中的细节题处理方法,其实和大家在做听力理解时所运用的方法大同小异。
不同的是,听力理解需要大家将整篇文章听一遍,而在做阅读理解的细节题时,大家很多时候是不需要将文章的每一句话都看一遍,可以跳过文章的某些段落,只用寻找和题目相关的段落反复阅读去寻找答案,即我们这里所讲的“锁定法”。比如:
82.We can infer from the passage that an employer might tolerate his secretary's occasional mistakes, if the latter is ____.(2004专四全真试题)
A.direct B.cheerful C.shy D.capable
根据题干提供的信息,大家很快泛读整个文章,那么答案很快就锁定在第三段最后一句话“Many employers, for example, will overlook occasional inefficiencies from their secretary providedshe has a pleasant personality (举个例子,如果秘书的性格讨人喜欢,许多雇主会不计较她偶尔的失误)。”
锁定答案之后,大家应该结合题干反复阅读这句话,那么通过对比分析就可以知道,“pleasant”和“cheerful”意思相同,答案很快就锁定为选项B了。再如:
95. Women hate public speaking most mainly because of_____. (2008专四全真试题)
A.their upbringing very early on.
B.their inability to appeal to the audience.
C. their sense of greater public pressure.
D.their sense of greater humiliation.
根据题干提供的信息,文章答案应该锁定在第一段最后一句话上。“Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of allkinds. (女人最讨厌演讲,因为女孩子从小就感受到各种公开露面的压力。)”
精读这句话后大家就会发现,选项C和文章中的这句话相似,是对这句话的概括。因此,答案很快就锁定为C了,还有:
82. What is the additional disadvantage of flat sharing? (2007专四全真试题)
A.Problem of sharing and paying.
B. Differences in living habits.
C. Shared cooking and bathroom facilities.
D. Restrictionto invite friends to visit.
根据题干,题目答案很快被锁定在第二段。第二段第一句话就提到“withthe added difficulties that arise from deciding who pays for what,and in what proportion(另一个困难是决定由谁来付钱和付多少钱。)”
选型A和文中这句话的意思相似,那么答案可能是选项A。虽然选项C和选项D都出现在第一段,可是他们属于“thesame disadvantages”的范畴,题目问的是“theadditional disadvantage”,由此可判断,选项A为正确答案。还有:
89. Working-class people's sense of security increased as a result of all the following factors EXCEPT_________? (2006专四全真试题)
A.better social security
B.more job opportunities
C.higher living standard
D.better legal protection.
根据题干,题目答案很快可以被锁定在第四段。第四段的第三句话提到“Socialsecurity and laws to improve job security, combined with a generalrise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the20th century,have made it less necessary than before to worryabout ‘tomorrow’(提高工作安全性的社会保障和法律,以及二十世纪五十年代以来生活标准的整体提高,已使得人们不再像以前一样担忧‘明天’)”
由此可以看出,“socialsecurity, laws和risein the standardof living”都是提高工作安全性的原因,那么选项B就可以被锁定为本题答案了。
专四深度阅读作题技巧有哪些:
在英语专四阅读中要弄清楚层次,个人以为要弄清文章主旨,段落中心以及段落内部的次中心,这些在一些文章主旨题和一些细节题上很受用。常规的文章主旨都会有其固定的出现地点:首段末尾处、第二段的开头和最后一段。
当然也有非常规的情况,这就需要靠自己的能力去寻找。找主旨需要慢慢训练,常规的、非常规的文章都能通过真题并结合后面的专家解析,这样能力就能够很快地提升。
常规文章行文逻辑:
本文中一直的强调要重视文章逻辑,那么,一般的都有哪些逻辑呢?通过一般归纳总结,大致可以得到四个逻辑框架。这些框架特别有助于理解文章的总体内容,阅读过程按框架有重点地跳读,辨明逻辑主线,在把握文章重点、段落中心和段内次中心基础上,会有很好的效果。
也许,在做英语专四阅读之初,很多平日里有扎实功底的同学也会出现全军覆没的局面,出现这种情况,并不一定是英语词汇有巨大的缺知,而可能是逻辑上出现混乱。现在将框架简单介绍如下:
框架1:提出问题——分析问题——解决问题
框架2:叙述现象——分析现象——结论
框架3:提出观点——支持或反驳该观点——重申观点
框架4:两种东西对比——分项对比——总体对照
在阅读中要有意识的将文章归类分析,弄清逻辑,以上列出的是主干,还需进一步分析到枝叶,这样才能达到层次清晰的程度。到段落级别,文章中心也容易辨出,多数文章中心在首末,少数会出现在段中。
于是在理解阅读文章的时候,在定位完毕后尽量将重点阅读范围扩大多句,观察所在句子在段落中的地位和在全文的地位。一般情况,较接近的段中心和段落次中心往往就是正确答案,当然在最终填写答案的时候还是细细分析更为可靠。
含答案的重点位置:
所谓文章重点就是阅读文章时得特别关注的地方,也是我们在浏览文章时眼界的着力点。在考研阅读中,出题点一般都是文章中较为重要的地方,常见的有段落的中心和次中心;对于非中心,一般不会考察。
这是研究生入学考试的选拔性和阅读科技论文实用性所决定的。上述的逻辑对于宏观题基本可以一网打尽,但对于微观题,我们必须通过重点位置的提示来解决。下面通过一些分析和重点位置的介绍来理解把握文章的细节:
1、所有文章的中心与段落中心和次中心。
2、转折和因果。在阅读中,最好把含有转折和因果的词句标出来,因为转折和因果都意味着作者的观点和态度,相对一般句子更有强调性。例如:because,for,but,however……
3、表示观点的句子、观点的词可能多处出现,当然并不是所有观点的句子和词汇都是重点,但值得一读。阅读文章中对这些词语的敏感是件令人兴奋的事情,所以平时应做好积累如:agree,acknowledge,assert,see,insist,find,think,believe,show,pointout,content,acclaim,say等。
4、特殊标点符号,有的表示具体说明、有表解释、有表反义等等,均有或强或弱的强调意味,主要的特殊标点符号有:——、()、“”等。
5、情态动词。should,must都能表达作者感情的因素,能从侧面反映作者对于某事物的观点,理应重点阅读。
6、特殊句型。例如副词提前加逗号这种形式Variety……Significantly……副词在句中起着很大作用,能反映态度,能表程度,这种特殊句型更有强调的成分,值得多阅读分析。
7、有指代的比较级、最高级和such/so等。
上面列举的一些重点特征很多,无异就是一些相对突出强调的词语。阅读文章的时候,仅靠这些重点基本上可以做出大部分的阅读题。阅读时快速画出重点,仅阅读含有重点特征的句子,对文章进行“减肥”,以提高阅读效率。
选项特点:
1、正确答案的特点
(1)与原文句子同义词替换。
(2)相对原文语法变化,如原文中的被动变为主动。
(3)正面反面,即原文句子的否定形式,答案变成肯定的正面叙述;原文是肯定形式,从正面叙述,答案变成否定形式从反面叙述。
(4)AB角度,原文从A角度叙述某事,而答案从B角度叙述同一件事情,本质不变。
(5)具体抽象,即原文具体事例,答案变为抽象概括,或反之。
2、干扰选项的特点
(1)照抄原文,个别词语不同。
(2)一半信息符合原文,一半信息不符。
(3)将原文某些信息张冠李戴。
(4)与原文叙述的内容相反。
(5)与原文中没有出现观点新信息。
(6)含有绝对化的词语,如only, always, never, all, everything, anything, verybody, nobody!
(7)逻辑错误,因果颠倒等。
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